3 results
Stronger coupling of emotional instability with reward processing in borderline personality disorder is predicted by schema modes
- Gábor Csukly, Kinga Farkas, Tímea Fodor, Zsolt Unoka, Bertalan Polner
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 14 / October 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 February 2023, pp. 6714-6723
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- Article
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Background
Mood instability and risk-taking are hallmarks of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Schema modes are combinations of self-reflective evaluations, negative emotional states, and destructive coping strategies common in BPD. When activated, they can push patients with BPD into emotional turmoil and a dissociative state of mind. Our knowledge of the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms driving these changes is incomplete. We hypothesized that in patients with BPD, affective instability is more influenced by reward expectation, outcomes, and reward prediction errors (RPEs) during risky decision-making than in healthy controls. Additionally, we expected that these alterations would be related to schema modes.
MethodsThirty-two patients with BPD and thirty-one healthy controls were recruited. We used an established behavioral paradigm to measure mood fluctuations during risky decision-making. The impact of expectations and RPEs on momentary mood was quantified by a computational model, and its parameters were estimated with hierarchical Bayesian analysis. Model parameters were compared using High-Density Intervals.
ResultsWe found that model parameters capturing the influence of RPE and Certain Rewards on mood were significantly higher in patients with BPD than in controls. These model parameters correlated significantly with schema modes, but not with depression severity.
ConclusionsBPD is coupled with altered associations between mood fluctuation and reward processing under uncertainty. Our findings seem to be BPD-specific, as they stand in contrast with the correlates of depressive symptoms. Future studies should establish the clinical utility of these alterations, such as predicting or assessing therapeutic response in BPD.
8 - Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems
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- By Antti Tölli, University of Oulu, Lars Thiele, Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Satoshi Suyama, NTT DOCOMO, Gabor Fodor, Ericsson, Nandana Rajatheva, University of Oulu, Elisabeth De Carvalho, Aalborg University, Wolfgang Zirwas, Nokia, Jesper Hemming Sorensen, Aalborg University
- Edited by Afif Osseiran, Jose F. Monserrat, Patrick Marsch
- Foreword by Mischa Dohler, King's College London, Takehiro Nakamura
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- Book:
- 5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology
- Published online:
- 05 June 2016
- Print publication:
- 02 June 2016, pp 208-247
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Summary
Introduction
As stated in Chapter 2, one of the main 5G requirements [1] is to support 1000 times larger capacity per area compared with current Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology, but with a similar cost and energy dissipation per area as in today's cellular systems. In addition, an increase in capacity will be possible if all three factors that jointly contribute to system capacity are increased: More spectrum, a larger number of base stations per area, and an increased spectral efficiency per cell.
Massive or large Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems are considered essential in contributing to the last stated factor, as they promise to provide a substantially increased spectral efficiency per cell. A massive MIMO system is typically defined as a system that utilizes a large number, i.e. 100 or more, of individually controllable antenna elements at least at one side of a wireless communications link, typically at the Base Station (BS) side [2][3]. An example of such usage of massive MIMO at the BS side is shown in Figure 8.1. A massive MIMO network exploits the many spatial Degrees of Freedom (DoF) provided by the many antennas to multiplex messages for several users on the same time-frequency resource (referred to as spatial multiplexing), and/or to focus the radiated signal toward the intended receivers and inherently minimize intra-cell and inter-cell interference [4]–[7]. Such focusing of radiated signals in a particular direction is possible by transmitting the same signal from multiple antenna points, but with a different phase shift applied to each of the antennas (and possibly a different phase shift for different parts of the system bandwidth), such that the signals overlap coherently at the intended target location. Note that in the remainder of the chapter, the term beamforming is used when applying the same phase shift at individual transmit antennas over the entire system bandwidth, while the term precoding is used when applying different phase shifts for different parts of the system bandwidth to tackle small-scale fading effects, for instance by applying phase shifts in frequency domain. With this definition, beamforming can be seen as a subclass of precoding algorithms. Regardless of whether precoding or beamforming is applied, the gain of obtaining a coherent overlap of signals at the receive point is commonly referred to as array gain.
5 - Device-to-device (D2D) communications
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- By Zexian Li, Nokia, Fernando Sanchez Moya, Nokia, Fodor Gabor, Ericsson, Jose Mairton B. Da Silva Jr., KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Konstantinos Koufos, Aalto University
- Edited by Afif Osseiran, Jose F. Monserrat, Patrick Marsch
- Foreword by Mischa Dohler, King's College London, Takehiro Nakamura
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- Book:
- 5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology
- Published online:
- 05 June 2016
- Print publication:
- 02 June 2016, pp 107-136
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Summary
Direct Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, which refers to direct communication between devices (i.e. users) without data traffic going through any infrastructure node, has been widely foreseen to be an important cornerstone to improve system performance and support new services beyond 2020 in the future fifth generation (5G) system. In general, the benefits resulting from D2D operation include, among others, highly increased spectral efficiency, improved typical user data rate and capacity per area, extended coverage, reduced latency, and enhanced cost and power efficiency. These benefits are resulting from the proximity of the users employing D2D communication (proximity gain), an increased spatial reuse of time and frequency resources (reuse gain) and from using a single link in the D2D mode rather than using both an uplink and a downlink resource when communicating via the base station in the cellular mode (hop gain). The chapter starts with an overview of the fourth generation (4G) D2D development. Afterward, the challenges to be addressed in the context of 5G D2D and related key enablers are discussed. In particular, this chapter covers Radio Resource Management (RRM) for mobile broadband applications, multi-hop D2D communication, especially for public safety and emergency services, and multi-operator D2D communication.
D2D: from 4G to 5G
In the future 5G system, it is predicted that network-controlled direct D2D communication offers the opportunity for local management of short-distance communication links and allows separating local traffic from the global network (i.e. local traffic offloading). By doing this, it will not only remove the load burden on the backhaul and core network caused by data transfer and related signaling, but also reduce the necessary effort for managing traffic at central network nodes. Direct D2D communication therefore extends the idea of distributed network management by incorporating the end devices into the network management concept. In this way, the wireless user device with D2D capability can have a dual role: either acting as an infrastructure node and/or as an end-user device in a similar way as a traditional device. Further, direct D2D facilitates low-latency communication due to the local communication link between users in proximity. In fact, direct D2D has been seen as one of the necessary features to support real-time services in the future 5G system [1][2]. Another important aspect is reliability, where an additional D2D link can be employed to increase reliability through a larger extent of diversity.